United States Imperialism: Helping Others or Benefiting from Them?

The introduction of imperialism in America led to a mad chase to intervene in other countries' affairs. It was a time of great power for the United States and, seeing all of their power, other countries turned to them for help.

There were many causes for imperialism in the United States in the late 1800s. The humanitarian reason was that many people such as doctors and missionaries believed they should spread law medicine, and Christianity to other countries. With the growing industry, they needed natural resources (rubber, petroleum) which were available in other countries. They also wanted to get involved with other international markets. The rise in nationalism was also a big factor. They believed they were superior to other countries, and they wanted to protect their interests. Another major cause for imperialism was military factors. America's growing navy needed bases for refueling. Their advances in military technology also put them ahead of other countries.

The first example of American Imperialism in the late 1800s was when a secretary of state had the president send 50,000 troops to the Mexican border to scare off the French's colonial virtues into Mexico when they put an emperor on the Mexican throne. The second instance was when Secretary of State Seward bought Alaska from Russia in 1867. He convinced the Senate that Alaska had many natural resources that could be useful to them. In 1867, Seward annexed the Midway Islands to use as refueling stations for the navy. In 1870, President Grant announced that he would protect the Caribbean Islands from transfer to a European power.

The most significant example of American Imperialism was America's interference with a Cuban rebellion against Spain. Cubans had forcefully asked for American help. When President McKinley sent a list of demands to Spain to find a peaceful solution, Spain refused to give Cuba its independence. This started the Spanish-American War which, after several battles, was ended when the US Navy sank all the Spanish ships. In the Treaty of Paris, the Spanish recognized Cuban independence, and Spain gave up the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the US for $20 million.

In 1899, the Philippines had expected to gain their independence after the war. When the United States refused to acknowledge their independence, a three-year war followed. They didn't gain their independence until 1946.

After the war, President McKinley installed a military government in Cuba to protect American business interests and to help restore economic stability. The Cubans felt betrayed and that the Americans were taking Spain's place. This ended after agreeing to the Platt Amendment.

Puerto Rico didn't become independent. The US maintained a military government there until 1900. In 1900, the Foraker Act was passed and a civil government was established in place of the military, but it was still controlled by the US. Over time more control and freedom was given to the Puerto Ricans. The US granted Puerto Ricans American citizenship and retained the power to appoint key officials, but the congress did not apply to them.

The United States annexed Hawaii at the request of Sanford B. Dole after he overthrew the queen. President McKinley didn't consider the wishes of the Hawaiian people. He annexed it to have a naval station to protect world trade.

A year after the annexation of Hawaii, the US acquired the harbor at Pago Pago in Samoa after some controversy.

The US bought a 10 mile-wide strip of land from Panama for $10 million to build the Panama Canal. In order to do make this purchase, President Roosevelt told them that if they didn't accept it, the US would not help the Panamanians in their revolution against Colombia. This part of the deal left Latin Americans with hatred towards the US. Under Roosevelt, US intervention in Latin America became common.

In 1905, Roosevelt meditated a peace agreement to the Russo-Japanese War. He helped keep trade in China open to all nations.

In 1913, President Wilson refused to recognize General Huerta and his illegal actions in Mexico even though all the US investments in Mexico were at stake.

The arguments for imperialism were that it would help economic growth by solving the overproduction and the problems that came with it. The international expansion of markets was also a big point. They wanted to help general defense and protect the markets by having refueling stations for the Navy. Also, they believed in the idea of manifest destiny and they felt it would help them become economically competitive to preserve the American Spirit.

The arguments against imperialism were that people in territories controlled by the US should be entitled to the same guarantees in th Constitution as Americans and it was said that imperialism threatened the nation's democratic foundations. Anti-imperialists argued that expansion involved too many costs and that laborers that would come to the US from the territories would take up the jobs of Americans. They also said that trade with these countries would hurt American Industries, and they saw racism at work in imperialism.

The United States intervened with other countries' affairs for their own benefit and used the excuse of helping them to make it acceptable. The positives did not outweigh the negatives. Even if some countries eventually gained their independence and others came to agreements, many people died in the process, and the US didn't always do what they said they would. Since the main reason for the interventions was for the US to succeed economically, it doesn't make it right for the countries to suffer from it, even if they would eventually be helped.

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American Politics

Jefferson and Hamilton had very different viewpoints. Hamilton believed in strong national power and he didn't have faith in the people. He also favored a loose construction of the Constitution meaning that he thought that the government could use implied powers of the Constitution to do anything as long as they weren't prohibited by the Constitution. He also thought that America should pay back the debts gained during the Revolutionary War by putting taxes on whiskey and on imported goods. Jefferson, on the other hand, had more faith in the people than he had in the government. He favored a strict construction of the Constitution meaning that he believed that the government should use implied powers only when it was necessary. Jefferson thought that Hamilton was betraying the ideals of the American Revolution because Hamilton was taking away some of the liberties of the American people that they had worked hard for.

A political party is a group of people who seek to win elections and hold public office in order to control government policy and programs. The first political parties were the Federalists an the Jeffersonian Republicans, who were state leaders who promoted resistance to the Federalists.

John Adams' presidency was very difficult for him because he had to deal with and mend situations that occurred during Washington's presidency. He had to deal with the parties that were new to the country and the feuding between them. Also, he had to deal with the consequences of making a treaty with Britain. The French were angry that America made a treaty with Britain. Adams tried to solve this by sending officials to Paris but this only resulted in more controversy and eventually an undeclared war.

Jefferson's presidency in his first term was satisfying for both political parties. The first thing he did was reduce the influence of the government in the Americans' lives by undoing some of the acts of the Federalists like reducing taxes, cutting the size of the federal bureaucracy, and reducing the size of the army. This was in favor of the Republicans. He also let some of the Federalist's acts be like letting the Bank of the United States function. This was in favor of the Federalists. Pleasing both parties was a good move, because he later won reelection. One of the last things John Adams did before leaving office was to appoint John Marshall as Chief Justice and William Marbury as justice of the peace for the District of Colombia. This angered Jefferson because he wanted to appoint judges from his own party. So Jefferson had James Madison never deliver the papers to give Marbury official authority. Marbury sued Madison and wanted the Supreme Court to make Madison let him take his office. Marshal decided that the Supreme Court couldn't make this order to the executive branch. It was unconstitutional. This was a victory for Jefferson and the Supreme Court because it established judicial review. Judicial review helped make laws more fair. Jefferson also bought Louisiana from France which increased America's size as well as it's debt. Jefferson convinced Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807 which made most trade with foreign countries illegal when Jay's Treaty expired and America was being threatened by Britain and France. This ruined Jefferson's second term because it hurt Americans who made their living through trade.

The Constitution and Bill of Rights

1st Amendment.
The 1st Amendment states five liberties. The first is the freedom of religion which protects religious practice and makes sure the church doesn't interfere with the state. The second and third liberties are the freedom of speech and press. These are rights to speak, publish, and express one's views. The fourth and fifth liberties are the rights of assembly and petition. These are rights to join with associations to discuss public affairs and influence public policy.
I think this is important because it's about general freedoms that can help a society. It's important that one can practice the religion that they want. It's also important that people can speak freely.

13th Amendment.
The 13th Amendment forbids slavery in the United States except as a punishment for a crime in which not all forms are allowed.
I think this is really important because it ends slavery in the United States. It could have influenced other nations to do so as well.

19th Amendment.
The 19 Amendment states that no one can be denied the right to vote in any election in the U.S. because of their sex.
I think this is important because it is a start to women rights. It's very important that there is no discrimination of women. Women should have the same rights as men. I think this was a turning point in history.

Article III, Section 2, Clause 3
This states that a person accused of a federal crime has the right to trial by jury and that the trial will be held in the state that the crime was committed in.
I think this is important because you have many points of view and opinions that decide if your guilty or innocent instead of just one person. This helps make more sensible and accurate decisions that will put people in their right place.

Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1
This states that only Congress can add States to the Union. A new State can't be made by taking territory from an existing State without consent of the State's legislature.
I think this is important because it can prevent war within the nation. States wouldn't be able to conquer other states. It assures peace.
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