The North had more railroad tracks than the south. This allowed them to move troops, food, and supplies quicker and easier. They also had more factories and were able to produce more supplies such as guns and shoes. The North was also wealthier than the South and already had a government and small army and navy. The population in the North was greater than the South so more men were available to fight and they would still be able to have sufficient labor force. The Northerners fought for their beliefs about slavery as well which attracted more volunteers. Since they had their navy, they were able to start naval blockades to cut the South off from their supplies.
The South had the majority of the military colleges, and most of the trained officers were Southerners and sided with the Confederacy. They also didn't need to begin any military action. They only had to have good defense so they wouldn't be beaten. The Southerners had fought to preserve their way of life, while the Northerners were fighting to restore unity to the nation.
Both sides had the advantage of having eager volunteers who wanted to participate in the war. They also both had new technology such as new bullets and rifles which allowed them to reload faster. They also had canisters which were filled with bullets. This new technology was also a disadvantage because it exposed their troops to slaughter.
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